Three qualities that are important in "A" paper are the introduction, organization, and vocabulary.
The introduction is important because it is the start of the paper and gets the readers attention. In a "C" paper, the introduction is not catchy and doesn't give the reader a reason to keep reading. For example, "This essay is going to be about how I learned how to write." In a "A" paper the introduction leads the reader to the end of the essay with the craving of reading more. For example, "Events that you go through contribute to your current lifestyle. They way I learned how to write made a big impact on my writing..."
Without organization, there is no essay. An "A" paper has an introduction in the begging following the body paragraphs with the events in order. At the very end of the essay should be the conclusion which summarizes the introduction and also explains the purpose of the essay. A "C" paper has events mixed up for example, " I grabbed the apple. Before I grabbed the apple I checked to see if my sister was looking." or the thesis can be at the end of the paragraph that is before the conclusion. Some papers can start of by current events to past events, but still have to be in order.
Vocabulary is also important in a paper. Your audience plays a big role with choosing what kind of vocabulary to use on your paper. If your readers are adults, a decent vocabulary should be used not too simple nor too challenging to read. If your audience are a group of doctors, you wouldn't want to use simple vocabulary or boredom starts to kick in. If the intended readers are elementary students and they see a word like "profligate" or "obduracy," chances are they wont read your paper.
Vocabulary is by far the most challenging quality in a essay to me. I have a very low vocabulary. I tend to just skip through a "big" word and move on without trying to look up the definition. The least problem in a essay is organization.